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Background: An infant’s birth weight is a reliable index of intrauterine growth and a sensitive predictor of newborn chances of survival, growth and long-term physical and psychosocial development. Low birth weight has been defined as birth weight <2.5 kg regardless of gestational age. The incidence of low birth weight (LBW) in India varies between 25–30% and of which 60–65% are because of intrauterine growth retardation. Aim & Objective: To determine the incidence and various determinants of low birth weight among babies delivered at rural tertiary care hospitals in central Uttar Pradesh. Methods and Material: The study was conducted at UPUMS, Saifai, Etawah, among pregnant women who delivered babies from 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2018. Details regarding age of the mother, gravida, parity, gestation period, presence of complications, the procedure for delivery and birth weight of the newborn were recorded and analyzed using SPSS software (version 23) Results: A total of 7615 deliveries were conducted (53.2% were males, 46.8% were females). The mean birth weight of babies was 2.65 Kg with S.D ± 0.52. Preterm babies were 32% while 67% were term babies and 23% of babies were low birth weight. There was a statistically significant association between birth weight of babies and factors like age of mother, parity of mother, gestation period, and presence of complications during the antenatal period. Conclusions: Prompt identification of high-risk factors, prevention of premature delivery, increasing the use of health services during pregnancy and management of the risk factors would reduce the incidence of low birth weight.
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Background: In India, the dietary pattern of women from low socioeconomic status are almost same during pre-pregnant, pregnant and lactating periods. Additional foods are required to improve weight gain in pregnancy and birth weight of infants. Aim & Objective: To identify the impact of prenatal dietary pattern on maternal anemia and low birth weight in rural areas of Kanpur Nagar. Methods: This study was a cross sectional study conducted amongst mothers who recently delivered (RDW) in rural blocks of District Kanpur Nagar. Data was collected by interviewing study subjects using a semi-structured interview schedule after applying multistage random sampling technique. Results: Out of 102 women studied, 39.2% women had consumed >90 IFA tablets, 49.1% of mothers had practiced MMF and 47.1% of women practiced MDD during their prenatal period and 40.1% babies of current pregnancy were born as LBW. IFA consumption during pregnancy was significantly associated with maternal anemia. MMF during pregnancy was significantly associated with LBW. Conclusions: In our study it was found that IFA consumption, MMF and MDD during antenatal is a key preventive measure to reduce anemia status in pregnant females and birth weight of baby during prenatal period.
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While a Cochrane review (2016) showed that kangaroo mother care (KMC) initiated after clinical stabilization reduces mortality by 40%, evidence of the efect of initiating KMC immediately after birth without waiting for babies to become stable was unavailable until recently. This research gap was addressed by a multicountry, randomized, controlled trial co-ordinated by WHO. This trial was conducted in fve hospitals in Ghana, India, Malawi, Nigeria, and Tanzania. Implementation of this trial led to development of the “mother–newborn care unit (MNCU).” Mother–newborn care unit or mother–newborn intensive care unit (M–NICU) is a facility where sick and small newborns are cared with their mothers 24 ×7 with all facilities of level II newborn care and provision for postnatal care to mothers. The mother is not a mere visitor, but she has her bed inside the special newborn care unit (SNCU)/newborn intensive care unit (NICU) and as a resident of MNCU, becomes an active caregiver and is involved in continuum of neonatal care. The study results show that intervention babies in MNCU had 25% less mortality at 28 d of life, 35% less incidence of hypothermia, and 18% less suspected sepsis as compared to control babies cared in conventional NICU. World Health Organization is in the process of reviewing the current recommendations on care of preterm or LBW newborns considering new evidence that has become available. However, it would require national policy change to permit mother and surrogate in SNCU/NICU 24×7, making the concept of zero-separation a reality.
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@#Introduction: The prevalence of hearing loss ranges from 1 to 3 per 1000 live births and 2-4 per 100 high-risk babies as in low birth weight babies. Hearing screening in all newborns has not been fully implemented at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya so this research is expected to be the basis for hearing screening in all babies born especially low birth weight babies (LBW). The objective of the study was to predict the effect of low birth weight babies on impaired cochlear function in newborns. Methods: Cross-sectional comparative study was conducted from September 2018 to March 2019 in Dr. Soetomo Hospital. The subjects of this study were infants aged 2-28 days old in the nursery. Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAE) was used to examineselected babies who fulfilled the selection criteria. Results: Twenty babies (≥2500 gram) and 20 babies (<2500 grams) were selected in this study. The proportion of cochlear dysfunction in infants with birth weights <1500 grams and 1500-2500 grams in Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya was 50% and 35.7%. In multivariate analysis birth weight <1500 and birth weight 1500-2499 had a risk respectively 2.06 (95% Confidence Interval 0.08-48.26 P = 0.653) and 1.20 (95% Confidence Interval 0.07-20.34 P = 0.899) respectively. The proportion of cochlear dysfuntion in babies with birth weight ≥2500 grams is the highest which is 65 %. Conclusion: In this study Low Birth Weight Babies have a risk of 35.7 % of impaired cochlear function We would recommend DPOAE as screening method in all babies at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya which is continued by second screening examination within one month on high risk babies and failed first test.
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Background: The objectives of this study was to study the prevalence of thyroid disorders in high risk neonatal populations and to study association of maternal thyroid dysfunction with neonatal thyroid problems and outcome.Methods: This was an observational study, conducted in NICU at Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar. The study included neonates born to mothers with thyroid disorder or with clinical features suggestive of thyroid dysfunction. Neonates with history of maternal thyroid dysfunction were screened at 72 to 96 hrs of postnatal age. Those with TSH >10 mIU/L or free T4 <1.1 ng /ml were followed up after two weeks. The neonates with clinical features suggestive of thyroid dysfunction were screened at presentation and those with abnormal thyroid profile were followed up after two weeks. Results obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software.Results: Out of 260 neonates screened, 208 neonates were born to mothers with hypothyroidism, 6 neonates had increased levels of TSH during first week which normalised on follow up during third week. One neonate born to hyperthyroid mother, showed increased TSH levels during first week and 2nd week which declined to normal level on follow up at 3rd week. Out of 51 neonates with clinical features suggestive of thyroid dysfunction, born to euthyroid mothers, 3 neonates had increased levels of TSH on presentation which normalised on further follow up. Thus, majority of high risk neonates at birth show transient hypothyroidism.Conclusions: None of the neonate was labelled as hypothyroid, all the 10 neonates showed transient hyperthyrotropinemia.
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Background: This study was undertaken to know the magnitude, risk factors and outcome of LBW babies admitted in NICU in a tertiary centre.Methods: This is a hospital based, retrospective study, of LBW babies admitted to NICU of Sri Venkateshwara Medical College hospital and research centre, Puducherry, from Jan 2019 - Dec 2019.Results: About 340 babies were admitted to NICU and 56 were LBW babies, 5 were excluded and 51 LBW babies analysed. Magnitude of LBW babies, 51 (15%). Socio demographic pattern showed, IUGR (62.7%). Term IUGR (52%) and preterm IUGR (9.8%). Preterm babies (37.2%). Preterms <28 weeks of gestation (7.8%), 28-34 weeks (9.8%) and 34 to < 37 weeks (19.6%). LBW babies <1kg (7.8%), 1-1.5kg (1.9%) and 1.5 to 2.49 kg (90.1%). Male (52.9%), female babies (47%). LBW babies from rural area (62.7%), urban area (37.2%). Among the maternal risk factors, maternal anemia was common (31.3%). Elderly primi (13.7%), PROM and twin pregnancy in (9.8%) each, bad obstetric history (7.8%). PIH, APH, GDM and oligohydramnios in (3.9%) each. Rh negative pregnancy, grand multipara, teenage pregnancy, ART with hypothyroidism and unbooked pregnancy seen in (1.9%) each. Fetal distress (19.6%). Morbidity was (92.1%). Most common was jaundice (31.9%), sepsis (21.2%). Feeding difficulties (19.1%), TTNB (17%), apnea of prematurity (14.8%). Hypoglycemia and HIE in (12.7%) each. Hypothermia and HMD in (10.6%) each. Seizures in (8.5%) MAS and NEC (4.2%) each, congenital anomalies and hypocalcemia in (2.1%) and mortality in (7.8%). Extreme prematurity, ELBW with sepsis and RDS being common cause of mortality.Conclusions: Iron tablets intake, nutritional care, regular antenatal checkup, spacing pregnancy, avoidance of teenage and elderly pregnancy is important. Improving the infrastructure, manpower in NICU to manage preterm babies, when surfactant and ventilation is given.
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Background: Though pregnancy induced hypertension is a worldwide problem, it is more prevalent in developing countries particularly south east Asian and African countries. It contributes to 20% of perinatal death and 40-50% of low birth weight babies in India. Fetal salvage is also an important consideration in providing quality care. Low dose aspirin given between 12 weeks to 28 weeks of gestational age in high-risk women at Developing Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) is anticipated to prevent the development of PIH and complications that arises especially those regarding maternal and fetal mortality due to PIH.Methods: This prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted in the dept of O and G, SCB MC and Hospital, Cuttack during November 2018 to October 2019. Pregnant women between the gestational age of 13 to 28 week were screened for risk factors and included in this study. Low dose aspirin of 60 mg daily till delivery was given to pregnant women who consented to be a part of study randomly with the other group taking placebo.Results: Incidence of IUGR babies in low dose aspirin treated mothers was as low as 1%. Incidence of LBW babies is lower in low dose aspirin treated mothers than with those who were not treated. Mean birth weight in cases was 2780 gm'352 gm vs control 2592 gm'483 gm. There is increased incidence of still birth in high risk group not treated with aspirin. No significant difference in reducing incidence premature deliveries between case and control.Conclusions: Low dose aspirin has a definite role in the prevention of PIH in high risk pregnancy and its complication like IUGR and low birth weight. Low dose aspirin reduces the incidence of PIH. Low dose aspirin can be considered a safe drug without any deleterious side effect for mother and the fetus. Benefits of prevention of PIH, justifies its administration in women at high risk.
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Background: Low birth weight is a socio, economic, cultural and community based health issue which reflects responsibility and commitment of local and national administrative authorities. It continues to be a cause of short and long term adverse perinatal outcome with a bearing on adult non communicable health risks.Methods: This is a prospective observational and analytic study to know the prevalence, risk factors and perinatal outcome of LBW, from July 2017 to December 2018 in department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MIMS Medical College, Andhra Pradesh, India. Maternal risk factors and outcomes associated with LBW were defined through risk ratios.Results: 721 infants including 116 LBW and 605 NBW born during study period were included in the study. Prevalence of LBW was 16%. Preterm birth accounted for 35%, FGR for 13.8% and SGA for 51.2% of them. Maternal factors like age <20 years and >35years, social status II to IV, below higher secondary education, house maker, primi gravida, grand multi para, BMI <18.5kg/M2 or >24.9kg/M2, Hb<11 gm% were having higher RR for LBW. LBW infants showed frequent association with oligo or polyhydramnious and hemorrhagic or turbid amniotic fluid. They had higher risks for non reassuring fetal heart rate changes, for induced delivery or an elective caesarean section. More often they needed NICU care for longer duration and showed a higher risk for malformations and neonatal mortality. Overall perinatal mortality was 5.54 per 1000 live birth.Conclusions: LBW is a risk factor for neonatal morbidity and mortality; which can be minimised by institutional delivery. High prevalence PTB (35%) warrants obstetricians to be more vigilant about indentifying the risk factors and adequate management planning. Constitutionally small baby at birth probably needs redefining normal birth weight for different ethnicity.
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Background: Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is skin-to-skin contact between mother and low birth weight (LBW) baby. It keeps the baby warm, increases accessibility to breast feeding, and protects the baby from infections. This study was done to identify supportive factors and barriers in practicing KMC as perceived by mothers of LBW babies and health care personnel (HCP).Methods: It was a questionnaire based descriptive study. Mothers of LBW babies and HCP were enrolled in study. Mothers and HCP were sensitized regarding KMC and after practicing KMC for 3 days, mothers were interviewed with the help of a predefined proforma. Feedback from the HCP was also taken. Data analysis was performed by using IBM SPSS ver. 20 software.Results: Most common factor in initiation and practice of KMC were, knowledge regarding KMC after training (100%), environmental factors (privacy and resources) (87.27%) and support from HCP (94.54%). Most common barriers perceived during performance of KMC were lack of knowledge about KMC during pregnancy (80%), pain due to LSCS/episiotomy (64.54%) and lack of support from family members (51.81%). Majority of the HCP strongly agree that parents must be encouraged to adopt KMC (82.92%), KMC is hampered due to presence of visitors in the ward (73.17%). KMC needs separate room (68.29%) and it is difficult due to LSCS (51.21%).Conclusions: To increase KMC practice, mother's knowledge about KMC can be improved by educating them in antenatal clinics and all HCP should receive training on KMC.
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Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical conditionoften seen in the neonatal intensive care units. The incidenceof AKI in neonates treated at the NICU ranges from 2.4 to 56%. Many etiological factors predispose development of AKI inneonates. AKI has a significant impact on survival rates,especially in preterm infants and Neonates with AKI have veryhigh mortality rates (4.5–78 %). Our understanding of AKI inLBW newborns is mostly limited to retrospective studies. So weplanned a prospective study in preterm babies with AKIdiagnosed by Koralkar criteria.Objectives: To find proportion of preterm babies (<37 weeksof gestation) with acute kidney injury born in the hospitals andto find out demographics, co-morbidities, clinical presentation,risk factors, and outcome in preterm newborns with AKI.Materials & Methods: A Prospective study on 215 pretermbabies was conducted at Neonatal units attached to SMSMedical College, Jaipur during Feb 2015 to March 2017. Thestudy variables were analyzed using Epi-Info7 software withapplication of Mean, Proportion, Chi-square, t- test, regressionanalysis and Kaplan-Meier Survival analysis.Results and Conclusion: Out of 215 pre-term infants 36(16.7%) had AKI with maximum patients in cat.1 (11.1%). Outof 36 preterm infants with AKI 13 died and no statisticallysignificant association was found between AKI and mortalityamong preterm infants. Statistically significant association wasfound between birth weight, sepsis, HMD, MV, NEC andmortality among preterm infants. Logistic regression wasperformed to eliminate potential confounders. Our final modelincluded variables with p<0.10. After regression analysis onlybirth weight was associated with mortality among preterminfants with p=0.028. On comparing survival among pretermwith AKI and without AKI the Average Hazard Rate was moreamong preterm infants with AKI but on applying Log Rank Testno statistically significant difference was found between thesurvival probabilities of the two groups.
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Background: Neonatal hypothermia is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for newborn survival. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends maintaining a warm chain and skin-to-skin care for thermo-protection of newborn children. Since little is known about practices related to newborn hypothermia, this study’s goal was to assess the knowledge of mothers of newborns especially LBW babies on prevention of hypothermia and to provide them the knowledge of cost-effective thermal protection measures.Methods: It was a cross-sectional study using pre-tested, pre-structured questionnaire. 108 postnatal mothers having LBW babies admitted in postnatal wards of Government Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India were included in the study and analysed using SPSS version 20.Results: Out of 108 mothers, maximum mothers were of age less than 25 years (51%), 60% were from rural area, residing in nuclear family were 62%. Mothers attended hospital for confinement were 95% and 85% started breast feeding their babies. 45% had knowledge of keeping the baby warm by immediately wiping the baby and only 3% mothers had knowledge of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC).Conclusions: Understanding and addressing community-based practices on hypothermia, prevention and management might help to improve newborn survival in resource-limited settings. Possible interventions include the implementation of skin-to-skin care in rural areas and the use of appropriate, low-cost newborn warmers to prevent hypothermia and support families in their provision of newborn thermal protection. Training family members to support mothers in the provision of thermo-protection for their newborns could facilitate these practices. Those who fail to fully attend antenatal clinics should be targeted for newborn care education.
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Background: Intrauterine fetal movements are sign of fetal life and well being. Perception of decreased fetal movements by the expecting mother is a common concern for both the mother and her obstetrician. Inadequate evaluation of reported decreased fetal movements may lead to catastrophic perinatal outcome. These necessitates us to identify the mothers perceiving decreased fetal movements, evaluating them to identify any risk factor, and follow up them to know the correlation with perinatal outcome.Methods: Antenatal mothers with singleton pregnancy at third trimester are recruited from OPD/ Emergency of Obstetrics and Gynaecology departments of Teerthankar Mahaveer Medical College and Research Center, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. Both case and control group comprise of 80 mothers matched by demographic profile, with perception of decreased fetal movements only in case group. They were evaluated thoroughly to identify risk factor if any and were followed up till delivery to know the perinatal outcome.Results: Majority of women reporting reduced fetal movements were between 20-30 years of age group (73%), Primigravida (80%), 72.5% were at term pregnancy. Common (46%) pattern of decreased movements was both in frequency and as well as intensity. 62% women with decreased fetal movements had anteriorly placed placenta. In the study group, 48.75% women were identified with risk factor, and association of more than one antenatal risk factor was significantly high (p value 0.0026). LBW was more common (21.25%), many neonates were associated with low Apgar score in the study group.Conclusions: Pregnant mothers reported with decreased fetal movement in third trimester should be evaluated adequately for identification of risk factors, as well as for fetal surveillance. Record of fetal movement for 2 hours while the mother is in rest, Cardiotocography, elaborative USG, BPP should be monitored to have good perinatal outcome by providing timely intervention.
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Background: Teenage pregnancy accounts for 11% of births worldwide and 95% of these occur in low middle income countries. Pregnancy and its complications are leading cause of death among these girls. This study was done to know the prevalence and to determine whether teenage mothers are at risk of adverse pregnancy outcome.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary teaching hospital, India between July 2015 to Dec, 2017. All teenage mothers delivered after 28 weeks of gestation were included. Women with Diabetes mellitus, renal disease, thyroid disorders were excluded. Demographic data, maternal complications like anaemia, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preterm birth, mode of delivery, low birth weight, NICU admissions, stillbirth and early neonatal death were recorded.Results: In the present study, the prevalence was 7% which is less than that of other studies. Incidence of caesarean-Section in the present study was 31%. Amongst the complications oligohydramnious was found to be significantly associated with teenage pregnancy. NICU admissions were needed for 43% of the cases and 31% were LBW.Conclusions: High NICU admission and high LBW in newborns of teenage mothers were noted in the current study. Hence, there is urgent need to focus on the teenage pregnancy.
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xBackground: The pregnant women are more commonly affected with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) than non-pregnant women and its progression could lead to adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. The study was designed with an aim to know the prevalence of ASB and its effects on maternal and perinatal outcome.Methods: In this prospective study, 300 antenatal women attending Anil Neerukonda Hospital were screened for ASB. Urine culture was performed using standardized Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on blood agar, Mac Conkey抯 agar for antibiotic sensitivity testing. The screened antenatal women were divided into two subgroups viz. asymptomatic bacteriuria positive (Group I) and asymptomatic bacteriuria negative (Group II) depending on the culture study and were followed till delivery for maternal and perinatal outcomes.Results: The prevalence of ASB was 11.33%. Out of 34 cases of ASB positive, 8 cases (23.5%) were delivered with birth weight <2500 grams as compared to 11 cases (4.1%) in unexposed cases (RR 5.68, 95% CI; 2.46-13.15; p<0.05). Preterm low birth was noticed in 5 (14.7%) cases of ASB positive pregnant women with compared to unexposed cases (RR 1.5, 95% CI; 0.61-3.65, p=0.36). Regarding maternal outcomes, premature labour was observed in 8 cases (23.5%) of ASB exposed women whereas 22 (8.3%) in non-exposed cases (RR 2.84, 95% CI; 1.37-5.88, p=0.004). A significant number of women have developed hypertension (17.6%) and preeclampsia (8.8%) in ASB positive cases as compared to ASB negative cases (4.9% and 2.3% respectively).Conclusions: The prevalence of ASB was 11.33% in the present study. As one third of the cases were identified in early and late trimesters, regular and trimester wise screening need to be incorporated in routine antenatal screening for safe motherhood and new born health.
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Introduction: Birth weight is an important indicator of a child's vulnerability to the risk of childhood illness and chances of survival. LBW results in a corresponding perinatal mortality. The identification of factors contributing to LBW is therefore of paramount importance. Low birth weight is a term used to describe babies who are born weighing less than 2,500 grams (5 pounds, 8 ounces). In contrast, the average newborn weighs about 8 pounds. Over 8 percent of all new-born babies in the United States have low birth weight. The primary cause is premature birth, being born before 37 weeks gestation; a baby born early has less time in the mother's uterus to grow and gain weight, and much of a fetus's weight is gained during the latter part of the mother's pregnancy. Another cause of low birth weight is intrauterine growth restriction. This occurs when a baby does not grow well in utero because of problems with the placenta, the mother's health or birth defects. The aim of the study: To study the prevalence of low birth weight babies and to study the various socio-demographic factors associated with low birth weight. Materials and methods: The present cross-sectional study was undertaken at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital in the year of 2015- 2016. Totally 100 babies were selected. In this study, all singleton new-born having a weight of <2.5kg was included as a case (n=50) and a weight of ≥2.5kg was included as a control (n=50). The relation of birth-weight to few maternal factors such as age, socio-economic status and occupation were studied. Saranya S, D. Aishwarya. Comparative study of maternal socio-demographic factors and low birth weight of new-borns at a tertiary care hospital in Chennai, India. IAIM, 2017; 4(11): 207-213. Page 208 Results: Our Study showed that the greatest number of mothers having LBW newborns was in the age group of 23 to 27years belonged to the low socio-economic group. The study finding showed maternal age, fetal sex, parity, number of antenatal care, gestational age, birth order, and history of abortion had an insignificant association with low birth weight (P-value <0.05). It was found that 70% of LBW babies were born to mothers who belonged to the labour class by occupation. Conclusion: This study depicted that low birth weight is a public health problem in the study area. Hence, attention should be given to increase community awareness of antenatal care service, access to family planning, prevention of abortion and community mobilization to prevent early pregnancy. This study concluded with the findings that maternal factors like age, socio-economic status, religion and occupation of the mothers were related to LBW of the new-born improving the socio-economic status (SES) of people and providing better working.
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@#Smoking does not only endangers the smokers themselves but will also harm the people around them. These are the non-smokers also called the passive smokers or second-hand smoke.In particular pregnant women who are the second-hand smoke can lead low birth weight (LBW) babies. This study aims to determine the impact of second- hand smoke in pregnancy toward LBW in the district of Aceh Besar in 2016. A case control study was done in district of Aceh Besar, Aceh province, Indonesia. The total sample was 120 neonates (1:1), 60 neonates were LBW (cases) and 60 neonates were normal weight (controls). Data collection was doneusing a questionnaire filled in by the parents. The univariate analysiswas described with percentages and the Wald-Wolfowithz run test was used for the bivariate analysis. The results showed that the majority of mothers had a good knowledge about the dangers of smoking, ie 91 or 75.8%. Most of the mothers had positive attitudes for male smokers. The smoking men are considered normal and acceptable, consisting of 73 mothers or 60.8%. All the mothers in this study were non-smokers (100.0%). The majority of the fathers were smokers, 88 or 73.3%, and most of them smoked around their pregnant wife, 55 fathers or 62.5%. The results of the bivariate analysis indicated there was a significant impact of the second-hand smoke toward the LBW (P value <0.05). It means, mothers as a second-hand smoke during pregnancy have a risk to born the LBW baby
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PregnancyABSTRACT
Great importance has been attributed to birth weight all over the world because it is considered as one of the best predictors of prenatal survival and a good indicator of quality life. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of low birth weight babies (LBW) and factors related to it in Baghdad city. A cross sectional study was carried out in four general hospitals in Baghdad city, Iraq. A total of 225 newborn babies, alive, singleton and without congenital malformation were selected randomly from these four general hospitals.The result of the study showed the prevalence rate of low birth weights was 21.3%. Mothers’ educational level, monthly family income, mothers with chronic hypertension, mothers with history of previous low birth weight infants and anemic mothers were significantly associated with low birth weight babies (P= 0.03, 0.01, 0.02,<0.01, 0.02) respectively. It is clearly evidenced the lack of equity in populations and disparity in socioeconomic status are common related factors for the low birth weight babies as can be seen as a public and global health problem.
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Infant, Low Birth Weight , IraqABSTRACT
This study was undertaken to find out the prevalence and determinants of Low birth weight neonates in Sirte city of Libya. This was a crossectional study including 269 newborn babies delivered in Ibnsena hospital, (which caters the Sirte city for deliveries). The study was conducted in the first fortnight of January 2011. Out of 269 neonates 11 were VLBW < 1.5kgs 74 were with low birth weight (1.5 kg to 2.5 kg). The mean weight, standard deviation, standard error and variance was 2.63, 0.59, 0.036 and 0.35 respectively. Association of mothers age with birth weight was insignificant p > .05 ; but highly significant with hypertension , p < .01 at 99% CI . Similarly association of LBW with different variable of mother like anemia, smoking, life style, birth spacing, BMI, parity ,and toxemia of pregnancy was in between significant and highly significant (p < .05 to< .01 at 95/99 % CI at respective DF's. The variables of LBW are addressable to reduce this menace in developing and under developed countries.
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Background: Establishment and maintenance of breastfeeding in preterm low birth weight (PT LBW) neonates after discharge from hospital is challenging and may be affected by multiple factors. We designed this study to find out the association of these factors with breastfeeding in our population. Objectives: To observe the rate of exclusive breasrfeeding (EBF) among the PT LBW neonates at one month follow up and to identify the factors that are related with the maintenance of EBF. Materials and Methods: This observational study was conducted during the period from July 2009 to October 2011 in Enam Medical College Hospital (EMCH). Preterm infants ≤ 34 wks gestation, stayed in the NICU for >3 days and discharged home were eligible. Mothers were interviewed at one month follow-up after discharge. Infants who were given only breast milk up to 4 weeks were termed as “Exclusively breastfed (EBF)” and who were given formula milk in addition were labeled as “Nonexclusively breastfed (NEBF)”. Baseline information regarding maternal demography, delivery of the baby, feeding during discharge was taken from database of neonatal ward. Results: Among 89 infants, 37 (42%) were female and 52 (58%) were male, including 5 twins. Gestational age ranged from 29 to 34 weeks (mean 32±2), and birth weight ranged from 1100 to 2200 grams (mean 1763±20 g). At one month follow up visit 19% (17/89) were found to be NEBF and 81% were EBF. Factors significantly associated with EBF were shorter duration of hospital stay (p=0.001), method of feeding at discharge (p=0.001), mode of delivery (p=0.004), below average socio-economic status (p=0.03), maternal education (p=0.02), number of antenatal visits (p=0.02) and larger birth weight (p=0.038). Conclusion: A variety of factors may affect EBF in PT LBW babies. Extensive counseling of the mothers during antenatal visits, counseling of the family members regarding the advantages of exclusive breastfeeding is necessary. Support should be provided for the mothers both in the hospital and also outside the hospital for a long period.
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Birth weight is the most important factor that affects infant and child mortality. This one year study was conducted in a cohort of pregnant women to study the proportion of low birth weight babies and to find out the socio-economic and maternal risk factors affecting the birth weight of newborns and its medico-legal significance. Information regarding socio-economic status, obstetric history and present pregnancy was collected. These women were followed up till their delivery and birth weight was recorded with 24 hours of delivery. Birth weight was available for 256 births. The overall prevalence of low birth weight was 34.37%. Overall mean birth weight was found to be 2.64±0.444 with 95% confidence interval of 2.59-2.69. Primigravida mothers showed the highest prevalence of low birth weight (30.86%, p< 0.001). The main factors which were significantly associated with LBW were maternal education, stature, age at delivery; short inter pregnancy interval, inadequate antenatal care, and per capita income of family.